Managing Environmental Liability - Business Transactions and Brownfield Redevelopment

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ISBN-13: 978-1-57823-230-7 / ISBN-10: 1-57823-230-9

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Book Overview

Volume 1

Part I: Sources of Environmental Liability

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Clean Water

2.01 Introduction
2.01A Special Note on Cleanup Liability from Historical Wastewater Practices
2.01 Administration of the CWA
2.02 NPDES Permit Program
2.02A Important NPDES Definitions
2.02B Permit Shield and Defenses to NPDES Violations
2.03 NPDES Permits for Industrial Dischargers
2.03A Discharges Requiring NPDES Permits
2.03B Discharges Exempt from NPDES Permitting Requirements
2.03C Permit Application Procedures
2.03D Permit Conditions
2.03E Watershed-Based NPDES Permits
2.04 Stormwater Discharges
2.04A Stormwater Program for Industrial Facilities
2.04B Stormwater Program for Construction Activity
2.04C Stormwater Program for Municipalities
2.04D Examples of Federal Stormwater Enforcement
2.04E Examples of State Stormwater Enforcement
2.04F Stormwater and Wetlands Enforcement Coordination
2.04G Stormwater and ESA Coordination
2.04H Stormwater Retention Ponds and Cleanup Liability
2.04I Stormwater Construction Techniques To Reduce Development Costs
2.05 Regulation of Municipal Treatment Plants and Indirect Industrial Dischargers
2.05A Indirect Discharges
2.05B Enforcement Actions Involving Indirect Dischargers
2.05C Management of Biosolids (Sewage Sludge)
2.05D Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)
2.05E Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs)
2.05F Regulation of Septic Tanks and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
2.05G Funding For On-Site Wastewater Systems
2.05H Septic Systems and Commercial Properties
2.06 Non-Point Sources
2.07 EPA Trading Policy for Point Sources
2.07A Funding for Water Quality Trading
2.07B Electronic Water Trading Mechanisms
2.08 Dredged and Fill Materials Permit Program
2.08A Determining If a 404 Permit Is Required
2.08B Definition of Wetlands
2.08C Application to Particular Kinds of Wetlands
2.08D Regulated Activities
2.08E Exempt Activities
2.08F Nationwide Permits
2.08G Individual 404 Permit Procedures and Conditions
2.08H Denial of Wetlands Permits
2.08I After the Fact Permits
2.08J Mitigation
2.08K Examples of Recent Federal and State Wetlands Enforcement Actions
2.08L Special Note on Wetlands and Regulatory Takings
2.08M Wetlands Preservation and Conservation Grants
2.08N IRS Tightens Rules for Donations of Easements to Nonprofits
2.09 Oil Spills
2.09A Definitions
2.09B Scope of Liability
2.09C Spill Reporting Requirements
2.09D Limitations on Liability and Exceptions to the Limitations
2.09E Defenses to Oil Spill Liability
2.09F Operating, Equipment, and Personnel Requirements Under OPA
2.09G Contribution and Filing of Claims
2.09H Oil Spill Enforcement Provisions
2.09I Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plans (SPCC)
2.09J Special Note on Interplay Between OPA and Wetlands
2.10 CWA Enforcement
2.10A Civil Enforcement
2.10B Criminal Enforcement
2.10C Citizen Suits
2.11 Expanding Scope of the CWA
2.11A Limiting State Water Rights Under the CWA
2.11B Limiting Pesticides Uses Under the CWA
2.11C Impact of the CWA on Land-Use
2.11D Limiting Air Emissions Through the CWA
2.11E The CWA and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments
2.12 Endangered Species Act
2.12A Prohibited Takings
2.12B Incidental Takings and Habitat Conservation Plans
2.12C “No Surprises” Rule
2.12D Safe Harbor and Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances
2.12E ESA Conservation Banks
2.12F ESA Grant Programs
2.12G ESA and State Open Space Initiatives
2.12H Special Note On Interplay of ESA and FIFRA

Chapter 3: Clean Air Act

3.01 Introduction
3.02 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
3.03 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
3.04 State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
3.05 New Source Review-General
3.06 New Source Review for Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
3.07 New Source Review for Non-Attainment Areas
3.07A Review of Recent Significant NSR Enforcement Actions
3.08 Emission Trading
3.08A States Are Taking Closer Look at Their Emission Trading Programs
3.08B Special Note on International Emissions Trading
3.09 Air Toxics
3.10 Operating Permits
3.11 Mobile Source Emission Standards
3.12 Enforcement
3.13 Citizen Suits
3.14 Tips on Complying with the Requirements of the 1990 Amendments
3.15 Ozone Depleting Substances
3.16 Greenhouse Gases
3.17 Market-Based GHG Emissions Trading Programs
3.18 Radon and other Indoor Issues
3.19 Mold
3.19A Federal Regulation of Mold
3.19B State and Local Mold Standards
3.19C Common Law Actions
3.19D Insurance Claims
3.20 Indoor Air and Cleanup of Brownfield Sites

Chapter 4: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

4.01 Introduction
4.02 Identification of Regulated Hazardous Wastes
4.03 Definition of Solid Waste
4.04 Definition of Hazardous Waste
4.05 Listed Hazardous Wastes
4.06 Hazardous Waste Characteristics
4.07 Hazardous Waste Mixture and Derived-From Rules
4.08 Regulation of Used Oil
4.09 Regulation of Recycled Hazardous Wastes
4.10 Delisting of Hazardous Wastes
4.11 Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste
4.12 Standards for Transporters of Hazardous Waste
4.13 Standards for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF)
4.14 TSDF Operating and Design Standard
4.14A Closure and Post-Closure
4.15 TSDF Permitting Procedures-Interim Status Facilities
4.16 Permit Procedures for New TSDF
4.17 Land Disposal Restrictions
4.18 Corrective Action
4.19 Underground Storage Tank Program
4.20 Regulated USTs
4.21 Notification Requirements
4.22 Design and Construction Standards
4.23 Release Detection Requirements
4.24 Release Reporting, Investigation and Confirmation
4.25 Release Response and Corrective Action
4.26 Out-of-Service USTs and Closure Requirements
4.27 Financial Responsibility Requirements
4.28 Federal UST Leaking Underground Storage Tank Fund
4.29 State Administration of the RCRA UST Program
4.30 State UST Trust Fund Programs
4.30A Additional Sources of Financial Assistance
4.30B Enforcement
4.30C Special Note for Owners and Prospective Purchasers of Properties Containing Home Heating Oil USTs Used for Residential Purposes
4.30D Miscellaneous Litigation Involving USTs
4.30E Recommendations for Real Estate Transactions
4.31 Information Gathering and Enforcement
4.32 Information Gathering Authority
4.33 Civil Enforcement Authority
4.34 Criminal Enforcement Authority
4.35 Citizen Suits
4.36 Using the RCRA Citizen Suit Provision in Private Cost Recovery Actions
4.37 Private Cost Recovery Actions under Section 7003
4.38 Subtitle D-Regulation of Municipal Waste

Chapter 5: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980

5.01 Introduction
5.02 CERCLA Site Identification, Ranking, and Remediation Process
5.03 Site Identification Process
5.04 Site Ranking Process
5.05 Site Remediation Process
5.05A Five-Year Reviews
5.06 Reporting Releases of Hazardous Substances
5.07 Information-Gathering Authority
5.08 Elements of CERCLA Liability
5.09 Definition of Release or Threatened Release
5.10 Definition of Hazardous Substances

A. The Petroleum Exclusion

1. Petroleum Fuel Cases
2. Used or Waste Oil Cases
3. Petroleum Sludge Cases
4. Re-Refined Oil

B.Mining Wastes

5.11 Definition of Facility
5.12 Definition of Response Actions and Recoverable Response Costs 5-25

A. Classification of Response Actions

1. Removal Actions
2. Remedial Actions

B. Tactical Considerations for Classifying Response Actions
C. Recoverable Response Costs

1. Medical Monitoring
2. Attorney Fees
3. Phase 1 Due Diligence Costs

D. Consistency with the NCP

5.13 — CERCLA Liable Parties

A. Joint and Strict Liability
B. Categories of PRPs

1. Owners
2. Operators
3. Generators and Other Arrangers

a. Kinds of Arrangers

i Sales of Products Containing Hazardous Substances
i Suppliers of Raw Materials
ii Formulation Agreements
i Sale of Real Estate Contaminated with Hazardous Substances Service Station Relationships
v Municipalities as Arrangers
vi De Micromis PRP Exemption
vii Output Agreements

4. Transporters

C. Required Nexus to Site

5.14 Defenses to CERCLA Liability in Cost Recovery and Contribution Actions
5.15 Section 107(B) Defenses
5.16 Innocent Purchaser’s Defense
5.16 Bona Fide Prospective Purchaser’s Defense
5.16A Contiguous Property Owner Defense
5.17 Intervening Passive Landowner Defense
5.18 Superfund Recycling Equity Act (‘‘SREA’’)
5.19 Equitable Defenses
5.20 Consistency with the NCP
5.21 Contractual Defense
5.22 Private Cost Recovery, Contribution Actions and the Supreme Court’s Aviall Decision

A. Key Issues Left Unresolved by Aviall

1. What Is a Civil Action?
2. What Are §113(f)(3)(B) Administrative Settlements?
3. Is There an Implied Right of Contribution Under §107?
4. Federal Enforcement Bar
5. Prospective Purchaser Agreements
6. RCRA §7002 Citizen Suits
7. State Contribution Rights

B. Impact of Aviall on Transactions and Due Diligence
C. Apportionment Factors for Contribution Actions

5.23 Contribution Protection
5.24 Section 106 Administrative Orders and Injunctive Relief
5.25 Claims Against the Superfund
5.26 Reimbursement of Local Governments for Emergency Response Actions
5.27 CERCLA Non-Priority Lien
5.27A Windfall Lien

A. Perfecting the Windfall Lien
B. Calculating the Windfall Lien
C. Resolving Windfall Liens

5.28 Statute of Limitations
5.29 Judicial Review
5.30 Citizen Suits
5.31 Enforcement
5.31A Federal Enforcement Bar
5.32 Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA)
5.33 Emergency Planning
5.34 Emergency Notification
5.35 Hazardous Chemicals Reporting Requirements
5.36 Inventory Reporting Requirements
5.37 Toxic Chemical Release Reporting
5.38 Trade Secret Protection
5.39 EPCRA Enforcement
5.40 EPCRA Citizen Suits

Chapter 6: State Environmental Statutes and Common Law Liability

6.01 Common Law Actions
6.02 Nuisance
6.03 Trespass
6.04 Negligence
6.05 Strict Liability
6.06 Fraud and Misrepresentation
6.07 State Superfund Laws
6.08 Corporate Liability
6.09 Liability of Corporate Officers
6.10 Civil Liability
6.11 Criminal Liability

Chapter 7: State Environmental Laws Restricting Property Transfers

7.01 State Property Transfer Statutes
7.02 New Jersey Industrial Site Recovery Act (ISRA)
7.03 Triggering ISRA
7.04 Expanded Discussion of Particular ISRA Transactions
7.05 ISRA Application Procedures
7.06 Initial Notice
7.07 Transferring Ownership or Operation Prior to ISRA Completion
7.07A De Minimis Generator Exemption
7.08 Expedited Compliance Options
7.08A Letters of Non-Applicability (‘‘LNA’’)
7.08B Authorization Letter
7.09 Penalties
7.10 Connecticut Transfer of Industrial Establishments
7.11 Application Procedures
7.12 Enforcement
7.13 Illinois Responsible Property Transfer Act (IRPTA)
7.14 Indiana Responsible Property Transfer Act
7.15 Iowa Environmental Quality Act
7.16 Missouri Abandoned or Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites Act
7.17 State Disclosure Statutes
7.17A State Statutes Requiring Deed Disclosures

Chapter 8: Regulation of Asbestos, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Lead-Based Paint, Medical Wastes, Mold and Financing Brownfield Development

8.01 Asbestos
8.02 Federal Regulation of Asbestos

A. Regulation of Asbestos under the Clean Air Act

1. Notification Requirement
2. Workpractice Requirements
3. Disposal Requirements

B. Regulation of Asbestos under RCRA
C. Regulation of Asbestos under CERLA
D. Regulation of Asbestos under TSCA
E. OSHA Regulation of Asbestos
F. Fannie Mae

8.02A ASTM and Asbestos
8.02B Enforcement of ACM Requirements
8.03 State Regulation of Asbestos
8.04 Common Law Liability
8.05 Asbestos Abatement Programs

A. Abatement Options
B. Asbestos Management Programs
C. Negotiating Asbestos Abatement Contracts

8.06 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
8.07 Federal Regulation of PCBs
8.07A Definitions
8.08 Ban on Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution and Use of PCBs
8.08A Servicing and Rectification of PCB Transformers and Other Electrical Equipment
8.08B Marking Requirements
8.09 PCB Storage Standards
8.10 PCB Disposal Standards
8.11 Notification and Manifesting of PCB Wastes

A. Generator of PCB Waste
B. Transporters of PCB Wastes
C. Commercial Storers

8.12 PCB Spill Cleanup Policy

A. Reporting Obligations
B. Cleanup Standards
C. Spills Involving Less Than One Pound of Low-Concentration PCBs
D. Spills Involving More Than One Pound of
E. High Concentration PCBs or Low Concentration PCBs
F. Spills in Outdoor Electrical Substations with Restricted Access
G. Spills at Non-Electrical Substations with Restricted Access Areas
H. Spills at Non-Restricted Access Areas

8.12A Liability of Landlords for PCB Spills
8.13 State Regulation of PCBs
8.14 Regulation of Medical Wastes—Introduction
8.15 Scope of the Federal Medical Waste Tracking Act
8.16 Definitions
8.17 Generator Standards
8.18 Transporter Requirements
8.19 Treatment, Destruction and Disposal Facilities
8.20 Enforcement
8.21 Regulation of Lead-Based Paints
8.21A Lead Paint Debris Management and Disposal
8.21B Enforcement of LBP Disclosure Rules
8.22 State Brownfield Programs
8.23 Federal, State and Private Financing Mechanisms for Brownfield Redevelopment
8.24 Using Project XL to Expedite Cleanups and Facilitate Brownfield Redevelopment
8.25 Chromated Copper Arsenate (“CCA”)

A . EPA CCA Regulatory Actions
B. Regulation of CCA by the Consumer Products Safety Commission (“CPSC”)
C. State Regulation of CCA

8.26 Vapor Intrusion

A. What is Vapor Intrusion?
B. Regulatory Background
C. Key Vapor Intrusion Terms
D. Factors that Influence Vapor Intrusion
E.Common Chemicals of Concern
F. Vapor Intrusion Regulatory Levels
G. Methods for Assessing Vapor Intrusion

1. Indoor Air Sampling
2. Modeling
3. Groundwater Sampling
4. Soil Sampling
5. Soil Gas Sampling

H. Investigation v Mitigation of the Vapor Intrusion Pathway
I. EPA Vapor Intrusion Guidance
J. Vapor Intrusion and RCRA Corrective Action Sites
K. Role of OSHA Permissible Exposure Levels (“PELs”)
L. Common Law Liability for Vapor Intrusion

Volume 2

Part I: Application to Business and Corporate Transactions

Chapter 9: Negotiating Cleanups

9.01 Introduction
9.02 Challenging NPL Site Listings
9.03 Requests for Information and Notices of Potential Liability
9.04 Special Notice Letters
9.05 Steering Committees
9.06 Non-Binding Preliminary Allocations of Responsibility (NBARs)
9.07 Mixed Funding
9.08 De Minimis Settlements
9.09 Negotiating the Remedy
9.10 Administrative Orders on Consent and Judicial Consent Decrees
9.11 Strategies for Responding to Unilateral 106 Administrative Orders
9.12 Trust Agreements
9.13 Public Participation
9.14 Arbitration
9.15 Landowner Settlements
9.16 Negotiating Prospective Purchaser Agreements
9.17 Using Engineering and Institutional Controls for Brownfield and VCP Cleanups

Chapter 10: Environmental Liability for Real Estate and Corporate Transactions

10.01 Introduction
10.02 Liability of Parent Corporations
10.02A Federal Common Law for Veil Piercing
10.03 Liability of Successor Corporations
10.04 Liability of Dissolved Corporations
10.05 Liability of Franchisors
10.06 Particular Property Interests Triggering Owner Liability
10.07 The Innocent Purchaser Defense
10.07A Bona Fide Prospective Purchase Defense
10.07B Contiguous Property Owner Defense
10.07C New Due Diligence Standards
10.08 The Passive Intervening Landowner’s Defense
10.09 The Innocent Seller’s Defense
10.10 Liability of Lessors and Lessees
10.11 Allocating Environmental Liability in Leases
10.12 Effect of ‘‘As Is’’ Contracts, Releases, and Indemnification Provisions
10.13 Cases Involving Gasoline Service Stations
10.14 Tips for Negotiating and Drafting Corporate Agreements
10.15 Contamination as an Encumbrance to Title?

Chapter 11: Liability and Strategies for Lenders and Fiduciaries

11.01 Introduction
11.02 Overview of Lender Liability
11.03 Pre-CERCLA Lender Liability Rule Case Law
11.03A The CERCLA Lender Liability Rule

A. Definition of Indicia of Ownership
B. Definition of Security Interest
C. Definition of Holder
D. Non-Covered Transactions
E. Participation in Management of a Facility
F. Policing the Loan
G. Workouts
H. Foreclosure
I. Fair Consideration
J. Post-Foreclosure Operation of a Facility
K. Liability Under Other Provisions of CERCLA
L. Third-Party Action
M. Lender as Sublesso
N. State Authority and Other Federal Laws
O. Trustees and Fiduciaries
P. Retroactivity

11.03B Case Law Interpreting the CERCLA Lender Liability Rule
11.04 The 1996 Lender Liability Amendments

A. Key Definitions
B. Covered Actions
C. Liability of Fiduciaries
D. Third-Party Actions
E. RCRA Conforming Amendment
F. Liability under State Lender Liability Rules

11.04A Liability of Lenders Holding Security Interests and Equity Positions
11.04B Liability of Banks in Securitization Transactions
11.05 State Environmental and Common Law Lender Liability Cases
11.05A Liability of Lenders for Inadequate Disclosure of Environmental Conditions
11.05B Legacy Risk from Bank Mergers
11.06 State Lender Liability Statutes
11.07 State Superlien Statutes
11.07A State Remediation Lien Statutes
11.08 CERCLA Non-Priority Lien
11.08A Windfall Lien
11.09 Priority of Environmental Claims against Borrower’s Estate
11.10 Environmental Risk Management Programs and Strategies
11.11 Pre-Loan Investigation
11.1A Administration of Existing Loans
11.1B Disposition of Loans
11.14 Workouts
11.15 Bankruptcy
11.16 Foreclosure

A. Post Foreclosure Operation of a Facilit

11.17 Liability of Fiduciaries
11.18 Institutional Controls and Deed Restrictions
11.19 Underground Storage Tanks

A. Overview
B. Key Definitions
C. Definition of Holder
D. Definition of Security Interest
E. Definition of Indicia of Ownership
F. Participation in Management
G. Fair Consideration

11.19A —Liability of a Lender as an Owner of USTS under the RCRA Lender Liability Rule

A. Pre-Loan Actions
B. Loan Administration
C. Workouts
D. Foreclosure

11.19B —Liability of Lenders as a UST Operator under the RCRA Lender Liability Rule

A. Pre-Foreclosure
B. Post-Foreclosure
C. Lenders as Trustee or Fiduciary
D. State Enforcements
E. Liability to Private Parties
F. Effect of the RCRA Lender Liability Rule on Eligibility for Reimbursement from
G. State UST Trust Funds
H. Petroleum Producers, Refiners and Marketers

11.20 Some Banks Have Used Environmental Insurance to Replace Phase I Requirements for Loans
11.21 Lenders and Brownfield Sites

Chapter 12: Bankruptcy

12.01 Introduction
12.02 Overview of the Bankruptcy Process
12.03 Automatic Stay
12.04 Discharge and Disallowance of Claims
12.05 Administrative Expense Priority for Cleanup Costs
12.06 Surcharging the Cash Collateral of a Lender and Subordination of Liens
12.07 Abandonment of Property and Rejection of Leases
12.08 Rejection of Leases
12.09 Sales Free and Clear
12.10 EPA Guidance on Bankruptcy Proceedings
12.11 Strategy for Debtors
12.12 Strategies for Creditors and Landlords

Chapter 13: Due Diligence Investigations and Environmental Audits

13.01 Introduction
13.02 CERCLA “All Appropriate Inquiry” Standard
13.03 Non-CERCLA Sources of Due Diligence Requirements
13.04 ASTM Phase I Standard
13.05 Mechanics of Performing Environmental Due Diligence
13.06 Phase II Investigations
13.07 Top Ten Mistakes Committed When Performing Environmental Due Diligence for Corporate Transactions
13.08 Negligent Due Diligence Claims
13.09 Securities and Exchange Commission
13.10 Other Standards related to SEC Disclosure of Environmental Liabilities
13.11 Sarbanes-Oxley and its Effect on Environmental Disclosure
13.12 Confidentiality of Environmental Audits
13.12A EPA Audit Policy
13.12B EPA Audit Policy for Clean Air Act Violations
13.12C SEC Voluntary Disclosure Policy
13.13 Department Of Justice Prosecutorial Guidelines
13.14 State Audit Laws and Policies
13.15 Companies Obtaining Relief Under EPA and State Audit Policies

Chapter 14: Insurance Coverage for Cleanup Costs

14.01 Introduction
14.02 Duty to Defend
14.03 Duty to Indemnify
14.03A Occurrence
14.03B Triggers of Coverage
14.03C Pollution Exclusion
14.04 Notice
14.05 Voluntary Payments
14.06 Property Damage
14.07 Owned Property Exclusion
14.08 Other Forms of Insurance Policies
14.08A — Environmental Impairment Policies
14.08B — First Person Property Policies
14.09 Guidance and Strategy for Policyholders
14.10 Insurance Products for Brownfields and Other Site Remediation
14.11 Negotiating Environmental Insurance Policies
14.12 Insurance Requirements of Rating Agencies

A. Fitch IBCA
B. Duffs & Phelps Credit Rating C (‘‘DCR’’)

14.13 The 2001 CERCLA Amendments and Environmental Insurance

Index

CD-Rom Table of Contents

Appendix A: List of Hazardous Air Pollutants to Be Regulated under Section 112
Appendix B: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Appendix C: Existing Source Configurations for HAP Early Reduction Programs
Appendix D: Probable Ozone Nonattainment Areas Classifications
Appendix E: Control Technique Guidelines Documents
Appendix F: Source Categories for Which New Source Performance Standards Have Been Set
Appendix G: Policy on Compliance Incentives for Small Businesses
Appendix H: Definition of Regulated Air Pollutant for Purposes of Title V
Appendix I: Consideration of Fugitive Emissions in Major Source Determination — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix J: Definition of Regulated Air Pollutant for Purposes of Title V
Appendix K: Fact Sheet — Amendments to Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance with Clean Air Act Section
Appendix L: Second Extension of Potential to Emit Transition Policy and Clarification of Interim Policy
Appendix M: Enforcement Alert

Appendix A: List of RCRA Wastes
Appendix B: Model Corrective Action Order
Appendix C: Use of Risk-Based Decision-Making in UST Corrective Action Programs
Appendix D: EPA Regional UST Program Offices
Appendix E: EPA Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Amendments to Definition of Solid Waste (Recovered Oil) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix F: EPA Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices; Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Requirements for Authorizations of State Hazardous Waste Programs — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix G: Guidance on the Use of Section 7003 of RCRA (Dated October 20, 1997)
Appendix H: Cost Recovery Policy for the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund (Dated May 24, 1994)
Appendix I: Management of Remediation Waste Under RCRA
Appendix J: August 10, 1998 EPA’s Strategy for Enforcement of Regulatory Requirements Applicable to Underground Storage Tank (UST) Facilities
Appendix K: De 9, 1998 Enforcement Strategy for Underground Storage Tank Systems Not Meeting the 1998 Deadline

Appendix A: Entry and Continued Access Under CERCLA
Appendix B: Transmittal of Sample Documents for More Effective Communication in CERCLA Section 104(e)(2) Information Requests
Appendix C: Guidance on CERCLA Section 106 Judicial Actions
Appendix D: Guidance on CERCLA Section 106(a) Unilateral Administrative Orders
Appendix E: Documentation of Reason(s) for Not Issuing CERCLA Section 106 UAOs to All Identified PRPs — (8/2/96)

Appendix A: Liability Standards

Appendix A: Instructions for Preparing the ECRA General Information Submission (GIS)
Appendix B: Instructions for Preparing ECRA Site Evaluation Submissions (SES)
Appendix C: Instructions for Preparing Application for Administrative Consent Order (ACO)
Appendix D: Instructions for Requesting a De Minimus Quantity Exemption
Appendix E: Instructions for Obtaining a Certificate of Limited Conveyance
Appendix F: Instructions for Requesting a Letter of Non-Applicability
Appendix G: Sample Letter of Non-Applicability
Appendix H: Sample Administrative Consent Order
Appendix I: Sample Negative Declaration
Appendix J: Self-Bonding Agreement
Appendix K: Form of Fully-Funded Standby Trust Agreement
Appendix L: Instructions for Preparing Connecticut Transfer Act Form I
Appendix M: Instructions for Preparing Connecticut Transfer Act Form II
Appendix N: Instructions for Preparing Connecticut Transfer Act Form III
Appendix O: Significant ECRA Applicability Determinations Reported by DEPE Between 1989-1991 for Particular Transactions
Appendix P: Remediation Funding Sources 58: 10B-3

Appendix A: Guideline for Implementing ACM Management Program
Appendix B(1): Department of Defense: Responsibility for Additional Environmental Cleanup of Real Property (Dated July 25, 1997) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix B(2): EPA: Policy Towards Landowners and Transferees of Federal Facilities (Dated June 13, 1997)
Appendix B(3): EPA: The Role of CSGWPPs in EPA Remediation Programs (Dated April 4, 1997)
Appendix B(4): EPA: Policy on the Issuance of Comfort/Status Letters (Published January 30, 1997)
Appendix B(5): EPA: Interim Approaches for Regional Relations with State Voluntary Cleanup Programs (Dated November 11, 1996) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix B(6): EPA: The Effect of Superfund on Involuntary Acquisitions of Contaminated Property by Government Entities (Dated December, 1995) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix B(7): EPA: Model Comfort Letter Clarifying NPL Listing, Uncontaminated Parcel Identifications, and CERCLA Liability Involving Transfers of Federally Owned Property (Dated August 9, 1995) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix B(8): EPA: Announcement and Publication of Final Policy Toward Owners of Property Containing Contaminated Aquifers and Announcement and Publication of Guidance on Agreements with Prospective Purchasers of Contaminated Property (Published July 3, 1995)
Appendix B(9): EPA: Land Use in the CERCLA Remedy Selection Process (May 25, 1995) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix B(10): EPA: Use of Risk-Based Decision Making in UST Corrective Action Program (Dated March 1, 1995)
Appendix B(11): EPA: Military Base Closures: Guidance on EPA Concurrence in the Identification of Uncontaminated Parcels Under CERCLA Section 120(h)(4) (Dated April 19, 1994)
Appendix B(12): EPA: Reporting Hazardous Substance Activity When Selling or Transferring Federal Real Property (Published April 15, 1990) — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix B(13): Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action and Underground Storage Tank Sites (Dated November, 1997)
Appendix B(14): Using Supplemental Environmental Projects to Facilitate Brownfields Redevelopment
Appendix B(15): Guidance on Federal Superfund Liens
Appendix B(16): Supplemental Guidance on Federal Superfund Liens
Appendix C(l): Notice of Agreement
Appendix C(2): State VCP Assignable Release and Covenant Not to Sue
Appendix C(3): Institutional Control Termination Letter
Appendix C(4): Notice of Deed Restriction
Appendix C(5): Purchase Agreement by Non-Profit Organization
Appendix C(6): Option Agreement for Non-Profit Purchaser
Appendix C(7): EPA Model Comfort Letters
Appendix C(8): Connecticut Form of Declaration of Environmental Land Use Restriction and Grant of Easement
Appendix C(9): Iowa Declaration of Restrictive Covenants
Appendix C(10): Form of New Jersey Declaration of Environmental Restrictions
Appendix C(11): Oregon Equitable Servitude and Easement
Appendix C(12): Rhode Island Form of Environmental Land Usage Restriction
Appendix D: BCRLF Administrative Manual
Appendix E: Guide to Contaminants Found at Typical Brownfields Sites
Appendix F: The Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative
Appendix G: Additional Supplemental Guidance on Transportation Conformity
Appendix H: Additional Supplemental Guidance on Transportation Conformity

Appendix A: Section 104 Information Request Letter
Appendix B: Section 104 Notice of Potential Liability Letter
Appendix C: Model Superfund Alleged Generators’ Steering Agreement
Appendix D: Unilateral 106 Administrative Order
Appendix E: Model Trust Agreement
Appendix F: Model Contract to Perform Landfill Remedy
Appendix G: Model Form RI/FS Administrative Order on Consent
Appendix H: Model Form RD/RA Consent Decree (Dated July 13, 1995)
Appendix I: Model Unilateral Administrative Order for Removal Response Activities
Appendix J: Model Administrative Order on Consent for Removal Actions
Appendix K: Revised Guidance on CERCLA Settlements with De Micromis Waste Contributors (Dated June 3, 1996)
Appendix L: 1993 Streamlined Approach for Settlements with De Minimis Waste Generators
Appendix M: 1989 De Minimis Landowner Settlements, Prospective Purchaser Settlements
Appendix N: 1989 Interim Municipal Settlement Policy
Appendix O: 1992 Early De Minimis Waste Contributor Settlements
Appendix P: EPA: Addendum to Interim CERCLA Policy Issued December 5, 1984 (Dated September 30, 1997)
Appendix Q: 1995 Final Model CERCLA Past Costs Consent Decree and Administrative Agreement
Appendix R: 1995 Revised Model De Minimis Contributor Consent Decree and Administrative Order on Consent
Appendix S: EPA: General Policy on Superfund Ability to Pay Determinations (Dated September 30, 1997)
Appendix T: EPA: Rules of Thumb for Superfund Remedy Selection
Appendix U: EPA: Reducing Federal Oversight at Superfund Sites with Cooperative and Capable Parties (Dated July 31, 1996)
Appendix V: EPA: Interim Guidance on Orphan Share Compensation for Settlors of Remedial Design / Remedial Action and Non-Time-Critical Removals (Dated June 3, 1996)
Appendix W: 1996 Revised Guidance on CERCLA Settlements with De Micromis Waste Generators
Appendix X: EPA: Exploring Use of Annuities as Funding Tools for Superfund Settlements (Dated April 17, 1995)
Appendix Y: EPA: Interim Revised Policy on the Use of Supplemental Environmental Projects in EPA Enforcement Settlements — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix Z: EPA: Standardizing the De Minimis Premium (Dated July 7, 1995)
Appendix AA: Inclusion of Contribution Waiver by Private Parties in CERCLA Administrative and Judicial Settlements

Appendix A: Model Environmental Provisions for Seller
Appendix B: Model Environmental Provisions for Purchaser
Appendix C: Landlord’s Environmental Lease Provisions
Appendix D: Tenant’s Environmental Lease Provisions
Appendix E: Liability of Corporate Shareholders and Successor Corporations Under CERCLA
Appendix F: UST Bill of Sale
Appendix G: Pre-Closing Remediation Agreement
Appendix H: Post-Closing Remediation Agreement
Appendix I: Site Access Agreement

Appendix A: Model Provisions for Lender’s Loan Agreement
Appendix B: Guidelines for Conducting Environmental Assessments
Appendix C: Guidelines for Implementing an Environmental Risk Program
Appendix D: Lender Confidentiality Agreement and EPA: Effect of Superfund on Lenders that Hold Security Interests in Contaminated Property
Appendix E: 1995 EPA Fact Sheet: The Effect of Superfund on Lenders that Hold Security Interests in Contaminated Property
Appendix F: Policy on Interpreting CERCLA Provisions Addressing Lenders and Involuntary Acquisitions by Government Entities

Appendix A: Guidance on EPA Participation in Bankruptcy Cases — (Forthcoming, next release)

Appendix A: Sample Environmental Questionnaire
Appendix B: Environmental Checklist
Appendix C: Firm Retention Letter for Hiring Environmental Consultants
Appendix D: Scope of Work — Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
Appendix E: SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 92
Appendix F: SEC Interpretive Release 6835
Appendix G: SFAS 5 — (Forthcoming, next release)
Appendix H: Reserved
Appendix I: 1994 EPA Restatement of Policies Related to Environmental Auditing
Appendix J: 1995 EPA Environmental Auditing Policy
Appendix K: Self-Policing Policy for Disclosures Involving Potential Criminal Violations
Appendix L: Model Consent Agreement and Final Order
Appendix M: Reserved
Appendix N: Staff Accounting Bulletin N 99
Appendix O: Incentives for Self-Policing: Discovery, Disclosure, Correction and Prevention of Violations

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